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辩证认识工会的作用 保护工会干部的权益/张喜亮

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-05 18:52:10  浏览:8192   来源:法律资料网
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  辩证认识工会的作用 保护工会干部的权益
  ——从工会主席遭解职谈起
  张喜亮

  据报道,中科院三环公司与日本相模株式会社合资的北京三环相模新技术有限公司解职工会主席唐小东职务一案引起了社会的关注,成了一个热点问题。由此激起了人们对我们这个国家和社会的一些重大问题是的思考,如工人阶级地位及其权力的问题,中国工会面临的挑战问题,立法及司法制度改革完善的问题等等。笔者从建立和谐社会的角度对此也有一些思考。
  记得前些年接待了一个日本劳资关系学术团,他们阐述过一个令人印象深刻的观点,即一切社会问题无不可以归结为劳资关系。社会经济问题中最基础的就是劳工问题,劳动创造着一切社会财富,没有高效的劳动便没有繁荣的经济;劳资关系问题的矛盾激化,便从经济问题演变成为社会政治问题,综观世界各国,执政党大多都必须与工会其实质是劳工保持着良好的关系,否则其执政的地位就难保;比如社会暴力等其它的社会问题也都与劳工问题相关,多失业过大或就业不足以维持生计的时候,必然产生社会的各种恶势力或出现丑恶现象或是邪说蛊惑人心,造成社会的不安定。想来,这种观点也不无道理,马克思主义的一个基本理论就是:生产力决定生产关系,经济基础决定上层建筑。可见,劳资关系在一个国家、一个社会是具有怎样的意义。
  我们党的十六大及十六届三中全会和四中全会,都提出了完善社会主义市场经济体制,全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标,建设一个和谐的社会。建立这样一个和谐的社会,其最基础性的工作,就应当是建立和谐的劳资关系。25年的改革开放取得了辉煌的成就,正是有了一个相对比较稳定的劳资关系作保障,城市的改革主要集中在了企业制度的改革,企业改革是改革的中心环节。如果没有工人阶级顾全大局的牺牲精神,可以肯定,我们的改革将一事无成。伴随改革的深入,党和政府一再强调稳定是第一位的,稳定是压倒一切的,不稳定对谁都没有好处,没有稳定就没有一切。这个稳定其最主要的还是工人阶级的稳定,没有工人阶级的稳定便不可想象将如何实现。近几年来,出现了一些不稳定的现象,问题的核心还是劳资关系问题,企业改制身份置换、下岗失业买断工龄、变卖国企减员职工等等,失业问题日益严重,劳资关系越发紧张,突发事件屡有发生。当然,有些地方的这种做法是非国家政策所鼓励的,但是无论是怎样的原因,客观上确实导致了社会不稳定的现象。在市场经济体制,利益成为凝聚社会的最主要的粘合剂,职工和企业的关系即所谓的劳资关系也不能不成为利益对立统一的关系;这与计划经济时代工人阶级和工人利益的精神是不完全一样的了,尤其是非国有经济的迅猛发展和境外资本大举进入以后,劳资的矛盾也就越发泾渭分明了。资本追求利润的最大化,劳工追求作业环节和生活条件的改善,——就是劳资双方最原始的矛盾。资本以其对劳工的最小的支出而获得最大的利润,剥削与反剥削的对立,是产生工会的最原始的动力。
  当然,原始的工会正是在领导工人同资本的斗争中发展壮大起来的,其实就本质来说就是在斗争中求得统一,保持一种平衡的态势。到了第二次世界大战以后,斗争越来越不得人心,安定是人心所向。工会在劳资关系中的调和作用也越来越显现出其巨大的潜力。古今中外工会对劳资关系调和中的作用都是经历了一个从斗争到统一,正到保持统一的持续发展过程,反映了这样的一个规律。在民主革命时期共产党组织和成立了工会,通过工会这种合法的组织形式领导了中国的工人运动,实际上就是劳方以一个阶级的身份与资方这样一个资产阶级的劳资斗争。斗争的结果是建立中华人民共和国这样一个新的国家政权,工人阶级成为了这个政权的领导阶级。这是这样一个阶级不畏牺牲精神成为了新中国新社会的栋梁,这个阶级的组织——工会成为了新生共和国政权的支柱,动员了作为一个阶级的工人实现了国家国民经济的恢复,为建设社会主义奠定了强大的经济基础。工人和国家的关系、国家和企业的关系、企业和工人的关系,这所有这些关系都成为经济体制改革的重要问题。市场经济的价值取向,也是劳动关系逐渐转化为劳资关系,成为利益关系。工会在从阶级的高度逐渐开始关注利益,正是有工会这样的组织对工人利益的关注,不断地在维护职工权利和利益的价值取向中,维护了劳资关系的稳定或相对稳定,为深化国有企业改革能够按照预期的目标进行发挥着不可替代的作用。从五零年工会法到九二年工会法直至新世纪工会法,把工会代表和维护职工的利益这样的职能强化为“基本职责”,工会在谐调劳资关系方面的作用就越来越显得突出了,且对稳定社会的积极作用越来越大。从劳动关系到劳资关系的变化也就是从利益的一致到利益的分化的过程。或许我们在国有企业尚不称之为“劳资”关系,但是在大量非公经济组织中,在外资及中外合资企业中,原来被称之为劳动关系的则无疑是标准的劳资关系。
  从工会的存在的意义来看,代表和维护工人的合法权益,是其最基本的职责。《中华人民共和国工会法》第六条规定:“维护职工合法权益是工会的基本职责。”这些年来,尤其是在深化国有企业改革的进程中,工会正是通过在突出维护职能方面发挥了巨大的作用,才保持了一个相对稳定的改革环境,如果没有工会的这样的作用,国有企业改革是不可能实现的。由此看来,工会虽然一直是高举维护职工合法权益的大旗,口不离维权,但是,就其实质来说或者客观上的效果是保持了劳资关系的稳定,在调动广大人民群众的积极性,在提高劳动生产率方面发挥着特殊的作用。在国有企业的改革过程中是这样,在外资、合资或私营企业中,也是这样。以唐小东所在的北京三环相模新技术有限公司而言,职工工资不但没有随着企业效益的提高而增加投入,反而在福利和保护待遇方面降低标准,即便是如此却没有发生罢工怠工事件,原因何在?工人依法取得了当地工会的支持自发地成立了工会,正是他们选举了唐小东这样的工会主席,才保证企业生产经营正常运行。工会主席在做好职工思想工作稳定了其情绪的基础上,代表职工利益与公司管理层进行协商的组织,才实现了劳动的安定。在这样的所谓维权的过程中,客观上是促进了企业的健康发展。工会干部的工作主观上维护了职工的合法权益,客观上也促进了企业的发展;然而,这样的作用往往被有关方面视而不见,却被当作阻碍绊脚石,屡遭受厄运。
  工会主席唐小东被解职一案,激起了各界的愤慨,海淀区工会、北京市工会表示支持唐小东主席依法维护其合法权益。工会由劳资矛盾而生、为劳资和谐而努力,调动了职工的工作积极性,促进了企业健康发展,在完善社会主义市场经济体制,全面建设和谐的小康社会中发挥着不可替代的作用。如果我们社会的各级当政官员、企业经理都能够懂得这样一个事实的话,他们就应当以其实际行动尊重和保护工会干部。如果说和谐的劳资关系是建设健康社会的基础,那么,工会的作用得以充分发挥则是问题关键;充分发挥工会调适劳资关系的作用,核心就是保护工会干部的合法权益。全社会都应当依法为工会干部的工作营造更宽松、更便利的环境。
  张喜亮
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常德市人民政府办公室关于印发《常德市举报重大安全生产隐患和违法行为奖励办法》的通知

湖南省常德市人民政府办公室


常德市人民政府办公室关于印发《常德市举报重大安全生产隐患和违法行为奖励办法》的通知






常政办发〔2006〕17号

各区县(市)人民政府,德山开发区、柳叶湖旅游度假区、西湖管理区、西洞庭管理区管委会,市直有关单位:

  《常德市举报重大安全生产隐患和违法行为奖励办法》已经市人民政府同意,现予印发,请认真贯彻执行。

                        二OO六年七月三十一日

         

常德市举报重大安全生产隐患和违法行为
奖  励  办  法

  第一条 为增强广大人民群众对安全生产的参与意识,拓宽安全生产监督管理的信息渠道,加强社会监督,进一步加大对各类安全生产违法行为的打击力度,保障国家和人民群众生命财产安全,根据《中华人民共和国安全生产法》和《湖南省安全生产条例》等法律、法规,结合本市实际,制定本办法。

  第二条 本市行政区域内重大安全生产隐患和安全生产违法行为的举报奖励适用本办法。

  第三条 本办法所称重大安全生产隐患指各类生产经营活动中存在的可能造成重大人身伤亡或者重大经济损失的安全隐患。安全生产违法行为包括:

  1、生产经营(含建设施工)单位未依法取得安全生产有关资质(证照)、有关人员未取得相应的安全资格证而擅自进行生产经营活动,或未经批准擅自建设施工的违法行为;

  2、生产经营单位因安全隐患或不具备安全条件,已被责令关闭、停产、停业整顿而擅自进行生产经营活动的违法行为;

  3、生产经营单位隐瞒不报、谎报、拖延不报生产安全事故的违法行为;

  4、其他。

  第四条 任何单位和个人(以下称举报人)有权对其发现的重大安全生产隐患和安全生产违规违法行为向当地安全生产监督管理局举报。举报可以采取口头或书信、电子邮件、电话、传真等方式。

  第五条 受理的举报经核查属实的,给予实名举报的最先举报人100元至1000元奖励。其中,举报企业有关人员未取得安全资格有关证照无证上岗的奖100元,举报企业未取得安全生产有关资质(证照)擅自生产经营的奖200元;举报已被责令关闭、停产、停业整顿而擅自进行生产经营活动的奖300元;举报重大事故隐患的奖300元,举报特大事故隐患的奖600元;举报隐瞒、谎报一般事故、重大事故、特大事故的分别奖200元、500元、1000元。

  第六条 多人多次举报同一事项的,给予实名举报的最先举报人一次性奖励;多人联名举报同一事项的,奖金可以平均分配,由第一署名人或者第一署名人书面委托的其他署名人领取。

  第七条 受理举报的安监部门应当建立健全举报的登记、核查、处理、督办、答复、统计和报告制度。安监部门对受理的举报事项整理分类后,根据举报内容立即交有关部门和单位办理,涉及到市本级的交市直相关部门(单位)承办,涉及到区县(市)的交相应的区县(市)政府办理。各承办单位要迅速组织力量对举报事项进行核实、办结,并在10天内将处理结果报安监部门。情况复杂需延长时间的要说明原因。

  第八条 举报人的举报事项应当客观真实,不得捏造、歪曲事实,不得诬告、陷害他人。

  第九条 各级安全生产监督管理局负责举报事项处理结果的核实和奖金的发放,奖励资金由安全生产监督管理局申报,财政审核,在同级财政列支。

  第十条 受理举报的部门和单位应当依法保护举报人的合法权益并为其保密。举报人要求答复的,应当及时将核查结果用适当方式向举报人反馈。举报人受到打击报复的,有关部门要依法查处,构成犯罪的,移交司法机关追究刑事责任。





境外投资外汇管理办法(附英文)

国家外汇管理局


境外投资外汇管理办法(附英文)

(1989年2月5日国务院批准)

办法
第一条 为了促进对外经济技术合作,加强境外投资外汇管理,有利于国际收支平衡,制定本办法。
第二条 本办法所称境外投资是指在中国境内登记注册的公司、企业或者其他经济组织(不包括外商投资企业)在境外设立各类企业或者购股、参股(以下统称境外投资企业),从事生产、经营的活动。
境外投资有关外汇事宜,依照本办法的规定执行。
第三条 拟在境外投资的公司、企业或者其他经济组织,在向国家主管部门办理境外投资审批事项前,应当向外汇管理部门提供境外投资所在国(地区)对国外投资的外汇管理情况和资料,提交投资外汇资金来源证明,由外汇管理部门负责投资外汇风险审查和外汇资金来源审查,并于三十天内作出书面审查结论。
第四条 经批准在境外投资的公司、企业或者其他经济组织(以下简称境内投资者),应当持下列材料向外汇管理部门办理登记和投资外汇资金汇出手续:
(一)国家主管部门的批准文件;
(二)外汇管理部门关于投资外汇风险审查和外汇资金来源审查的书面结论;
(三)投资项目的合同或者其他可证明境内投资者应当汇出外汇资金数额的文件。
办理前款登记和投资外汇资金汇出手续时,外汇管理部门应当对境内投资者的投资外汇资金来源进行复核。
第五条 境内投资者在办理登记时,应当按汇出外汇资金数额的5%缴存汇回利润保证金(以下简称保证金)。保证金应当存入外汇管理部门指定银行的专用帐户。汇回利润累计达到汇出外汇资金数额时,退还保证金。保证金存款的利息按照国家规定标准支付给境内投资者。
境内投资者缴存保证金确有实际困难的,可向外汇管理部门作出书面承诺,保证境外投资企业按期汇回利润或者其他外汇收益。
第六条 境内投资者来源于境外投资的利润或者其他外汇收益,必须在当地会计年度终了后六个月内调回境内,按照国家规定办理结汇或者留存现汇。未经外汇管理部门批准,不得擅自挪作他用或者存放境外。
第七条 境内投资者从境外投资企业分得的利润或者其他外汇收益,自该境外投资企业设立之日起五年内全额留成,五年后依照国家有关规定计算留成。
第八条 境外投资企业可以根据经营需要,自行筹措资金,但未经国家外汇管理局批准,其境内投资者不得以任何方式为其提供担保。
第九条 境外投资企业的年度会计报表,包括资产负债表、损益计算书,在当地会计年度终了后六个月内,由其境内投资者向外汇管理部门报送。
第十条 境外投资企业变更资本,其境内投资者应当事先报经原审批部门批准并报送外汇管理部门备案。
第十一条 境内投资者转让境外投资企业股份,应当向外汇管理部门提交股分转让报告书,并在转让结束后三十天内将所得外汇收益调回境内。
第十二条 境外投资企业依照所在国(地区)法律停业或者解散后,其境内投资者应当将其应得的外汇资产调回境内,不得擅自挪作他用或者存放境外。
第十三条 境外投资企业未按利润计划汇回利润或者其他外汇收益的,其境内投资者应当向外汇管理部门提交不能按时完成利润计划或者经营亏损的报告书。如无正当理由,外汇管理部门可从保证金中将相应比例的外汇数额结售给国家;未开立保证金帐户的,从其境内投资者的留成外汇中扣除相应数额上缴国家,但累计扣除数额不超过汇出外汇资金数额的20%。
第十四条 违反本办法第六条、第十一条、第十二条规定者,外汇管理部门应当责令境内投资者限期调回,并可按应调回资金数额的10%至20%处以外汇罚款。
违反本办法第九条、第十条规定,情节严重者,外汇管理部门对境内投资者可处以人民币十万元以下的罚款。
违反本办法其他条款规定者,依照《违反外汇管理处罚施行细则》的规定外理。
第十五条 本办法施行前已设立的境外投资企业,其境内投资者应当自本办法施行之日起六十天内,依照本办法的有关规定,向外汇管理部门补报有关材料,办理登记手续,并依照规定将外汇收益调回境内。
第十六条 本办法由国家外汇管理局负责解释。
第十七条 本办法自发布之日起施行。(附英文)

PROCEDURES FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE INVOLVEDIN INVESTMENT ABROAD

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
PROCEDURES FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE INVOLVED
IN INVESTMENT ABROAD
(Approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China
on February 5, 1989 and promulgated by the State Administration of Foreign
Exchange Control on March 6, 1989)
Article 1
These Procedures are formulated for the purpose of promoting economic and
technological co-operation with foreign countries, strengthening the
administration of the foreign exchange involved in investment abroad and
facilitating the achievement of a balance of international payments.
Article 2
The terms "investment abroad" referred to in these Procedures means the
establishment of various kinds of enterprises abroad or the purchase of
and holding shares abroad (hereinafter collectively referred to as
"Chinese-invested enterprises abroad") by corporations, enterprises and
other economic organizations registered inside China (not including
enterprises with foreign investment) to engage in production and business
activities. Matters related to the foreign exchange involved in investment
abroad shall be governed by these Procedures.
Article 3
Corporations, enterprises or other economic organizations that intend to
make investment abroad shall, prior to going through the procedures of
application, examination and approval of investment abroad with the
competent State authorities, provide the department for control of foreign
exchange with the information on the administration exercised by the
countries (or regions) where their investment is to be over the foreign
exchange involved in investigated by foreign countries and the relevant
data, and submit to the department the certifying documents on the
source(s) of the funds in foreign exchange earmarked for investment
abroad. The department for control of foreign exchange shall be
responsible for the risk examination of the foreign exchange earmarked for
investment abroad and for the examination of the source(s) of the funds in
foreign exchange and shall present within 30 days the conclusions in
writing drawn from the examinations.
Article 4
Corporations, enterprises or other economic organizations (hereinafter
referred to as "domestic investors") that have been permitted to make
investment abroad shall handle with the department for control of foreign
exchange the procedures of registration and of remitting abroad the funds
in foreign exchange earmarked for investment abroad by presenting the
following materials:
1. the documents of approval issued by the competent State authorities;
2. the conclusions in writing drawn by the department for control of
foreign exchange from the risk examination of the foreign exchange
earmarked for investment abroad and the examination of the source(s) of
the funds in foreign exchange; and
3. the contract of the investment project or other document(s) that may
serve to certify the amount of the funds in foreign exchange that the
domestic investors shall remit abroad.
In handling the procedures of registration and of remitting abroad the
funds in foreign exchange earmarked for investment abroad as prescribed in
the first paragraph of this Article, the department for control of foreign
exchange shall re-examine the source(s) of the funds in foreign exchange
of the domestic investors.
Article 5
In going through the procedures of registration, the domestic investors
shall place a deposit as a guarantee that they shall remit the profit back
to China (hereinafter referred to as "guarantee deposit") which is equal
to 5 percent of the amount of funds in foreign exchange to be sent abroad.
The guarantee deposit shall be placed in a special account in a bank
designated by the department for control of foreign exchange. The
guarantee deposit shall be refunded when the total amount of profit
remitted back to China is equal to the amount of funds in foreign exchange
sent abroad. The interest on the guarantee deposit shall be paid to the
domestic investors in accordance with the standard rate prescribed by the
State.
If the domestic investors experience real difficulty in placing the
guarantee deposit, they may give a written commitment to the department
for control of foreign exchange that the enterprise abroad in which they
invest shall remit regularly the profit or other incomes in foreign
exchange back to China.
Article 6
The profit or other incomes in foreign exchange derived by domestic
investors from their investment abroad shall be repatriated within 6
months as of the end of the local accounting year and settled as foreign
exchange or retained as spot exchange in accordance with the pertinent
provisions of the State. Without the approval by the department for
control of foreign exchange, they may not be diverted to other uses or
kept abroad.
Article 7
The share of profit or other incomes in foreign exchange that domestic
investors receive from the enterprise abroad in which they invest shall be
retained in full in the first five years as of the date of the
establishment of the enterprise and shall be retained at a percentage
calculated in accordance with the pertinent provisions of the State as of
the end of the first five years.
Article 8
A Chinese-invested enterprise abroad may, on the basis of the need of its
business operations, raise funds on its own. But without approval by the
State Administration of Foreign Exchange Control, its domestic investors
may not provide guarantee for it by any means.
Article 9
The annual accounting statements of a Chinese-invested enterprise abroad,
including the statement of assets and liabilities and the statement of
loss and profit, shall, within 6 months as of the end of the local
accounting year, be submitted by its domestic investors to the department
for control of foreign exchange.
Article 10
If a Chinese-invested enterprise abroad is to make changes in its capital,
its domestic investors shall apply in advance to the original examining
and approving authorities for approval and the changes shall be reported
to the department for control of foreign exchange for the record.
Article 11
If domestic investors are to transfer the shares of stock of the
enterprise abroad in which they invest, they shall submit to the local
department for control of foreign exchange a report for the transfer
thereof and shall repatriate the incomes in foreign exchange thus obtained
within 30 days after the completion of the transfer.
Article 12
If a Chinese-invested enterprise abroad terminates its business operations
or is dissolved in accordance with the laws of the country (or region) in
which it is located, its domestic investors shall repatriate the assets in
foreign exchange that they are entitled to obtain and may not divert them
to other uses or keep them abroad without authorization.
Article 13
If a Chinese-invested enterprise abroad fails to remit back to China their
profit or other incomes in foreign exchange in accordance with their
profit plan, its domestic investors shall submit to the department for
control of foreign exchange a report on their failure to fulfil their
profit plan on schedule or on the losses sustained in business operations.
If they fail to offer sufficient justification, the department for control
of foreign exchange may deduct from their guarantee deposit a
corresponding proportion of foreign exchange and sell it to the State. If
the domestic investors have not opened a guarantee deposit account, the
department for control of foreign exchange shall deduct from their
retained foreign exchange a corresponding amount and turn it over to the
State, but the total amount deducted shall not exceed 20 percent of the
amount of the funds in foreign exchange that has been remitted abroad.
Article 14
If domestic investors violate the provisions in Articles 6, 11 and 12, the
department for control of foreign exchange shall order them to repatriate
the foreign exchange involved within a prescribed period of time and may
impose a fine amounting from 10 percent up to 20 percent of the amount
that should be repatriated.
If domestic investors violate the provisions in Articles 9 and 10 to a
serious extent, the department for control of foreign exchange may impose
on them a fine of Renminbi 100,000 yuan or less.
Violators of the other provisions of these Procedures shall be dealt with
in accordance with the provisions of the Rules for the Implementation of
Penalties on Violations of Foreign Exchange Control.
Article 15
The domestic investors of the Chinese-invested enterprise abroad
established before these Procedures go into effect shall, within 60 days
starting from the day on which these Procedures go into effect and in
accordance with the relevant provisions of these Procedures, approach the
department for control of foreign exchange to make up for the submission
of the relevant materials and go through the procedures of registration
and shall repatriate their incomes in foreign exchange in accordance with
the relevant provisions.
Article 16
The State Administration of Foreign Exchange Control shall be responsible
for the interpretation of these Procedures.
Article 17
These Procedures shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.